Fungal empyema thoracis in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES Fungal empyema thoracis (FET) is a rare life-threatening infection. We sought to describe the clinical characteristics of FET in a large academic cancer center. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of all cancer patients who had a fungal isolate from the pleural fluid culture between 1/2005 and 8/2013. RESULTS A total of 106 fungal isolates were identified in 97 patients. Yeasts accounted for 62% of the isolates whereas 38% were identified as molds. The most frequent pathogens were Candida spp. (58%) and Aspergillus spp. (12%). All patients with Aspergillus and 83% with Candida met criteria for proven fungal disease. Compared to the Aspergillus group, Candida FET was associated with recent abdominal or thoracic surgical procedures (44% vs. 0%, p = 0.01). Overall, 6-week mortality was high, with no significant differences between Candida and Aspergillus (31% vs. 45%, respectively [p = 0.48]). Only 1 out of 11 patients with uncommon molds died at 6 weeks, despite only 2 of them received appropriate antifungal therapy. CONCLUSIONS Development of FET carries a high mortality in cancer patients. A history of a recent surgical procedure is a risk factor for FET due to Candida. Isolation of uncommon molds is likely to represent a contamination of the pleural fluid.